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1). Asthma Is Over- diagnosed■1.Asthma is being over-diagnosed and trivialized，say two leading specialists.And this is a major problem，because they say doling inhalers out like Smarties means that the small subset of people who have potentially life-threatening asthma may be missing out on the attention and care they need.An Australian study of 108 children with a cough over three weeks，half of whom had been labeled as“asthmatic”，found that after extensive investigation only 5% did have asthma.Most had a bacterial infection that would probably have improved with antibiotics.■2.Not every coughing fit is a sign of asthma.In fact，although coughing is one of the symptoms of asthma，unless you also suffer from wheeze，chest-tightness or breathlessness，you probably haven′t got it.“I spend more time in clinic telling people their child doesn′t have asthma than confirming that they do，”says Professor Andrew Bush，a respiratory paediatrician.But does it matter if you′re told you have asthma when you don′t？ Yes，because you may just have a transient cough that doesn′t need treatment，and end up taking medication that costs money and can cause side-effects -and，crucially，there may be another cause of your symptoms that is being missed.■3.In the UK，about 5.4 million people currently receive treatment for asthma，1.1 million of whom are children.The problem is that this figure includes many who don′t have it and misses others who do.“Asthma is difficult to diagnose because it′s episodic，” says Dr Samantha Walker of Asthma UK.“Wheezing illness in the under- fives is often labeled as asthma，when in fact it′s just a viral iness.They may be given inhalers that won′t do any harm，but then they must be re-evaluated.” It would obviously be preferable to avoid asthma altogether if possible.But asthma is a combination of genetic susceptibility，which you can′t do anything about，and triggers，such as pollen，dust and viruses，that are hard to avoid.■4.Treatment of suspected asthma is usually a blue inhaler (salbutamol，often marketed as Ventolin) to open up tight airways，and a brown steroid inhaler (inhaled corticosteroids，ICS) to prevent the inflammation that makes the airways narrow.Walker says ICS are life-changing and remarkably safe but only work for about 50% of asthmatics.At the moment，there′s a limited range of therapeutic options available.New drugs such as biologics seem( to offer hope for the 5% of asthmatics with severe refractory disease that doesn′t respond to standard treatment.But Walker says that people who don′t respond to ICS tend not to respond to biologics either，Much more research is needed to develop new approaches，the“one size fits all”options that we have at the moment are just not good enough.■5.Bush has the following advice for parents of children who are too young to manage their own asthma.“If parents see their kid breathless，wheezy，coughing at night or needing their Ventolin inhaler two to three times a week，they need to go back to the GP.If necessary，they should get a second opinion.Pitch your expectations high.The kid shouldn′t be needing to use a blue inhaler often.They shouldn′t be ending up in hospital.”choose the most suitable subheading from list A-F for each paragraph of the passage.Paragraph 5( )
A.Asthma is not only difficult to diagnose but also related to many other factors such as gene and environment
B.With asthma being over-diagnosed，patients who do have asthma may lose attention and care they need
C.As the available therapeutic options are limited，developing new approaches is urgently needed
D.Misdiagnosis of asthma may end up taking unnecessary medication and delaying appropriate treatment
E.Some useful advice is given to patients on how to effectively manage asthma of their children
F.Therapies such as homeopathy，acupuncture，and Chinese herbal medicine can help treat asthma

正確答案：E
2). What Does Respiratory System Do in Our Body？■The lung or pulmonary system is the essential respiration organ in all air-breathing animals.The major function of them is“gas exchange”between the ( )environment and an organism′s circulatory system.In mammals and the more complex life ( )，the two lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart.Their ( )function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream，and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the ( )■In order to completely explain the anatomy of the lungs，it is necessary to discuss the ( ) of air through the mouth to the alveoli.Once air progresses through the mouth or nose，it travels through the oropharynx，nasopharynx，the larynx，the trachea，and a progressively subdividing system of bronchi and bronchioles until it finally reaches the alveoli where the gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place.■Upon inhalation，gas exchange ( )at the alveoli，the tiny sacs which are the basic functional ( ) of the lungs.The alveolar walls are extremely thin (approx.0.2 micrometers).The close proximity of these two cell types ( ) permeability to gases and，( ) gas exchange.This whole mechanism of gas exchange is ( ) by the simple phenomenon of pressure ( ) When the air pressure is high inside the lungs，the air from ( ) flow out.When the air pressure is low inside，then air flows into the lungs.■( ) their functions in gas exchange，the lungs have a number of metabolic functions.They manufacture surfactant(表面活性劑) for local use，as noted ( ) They also contain a fibrinolytic system(內源性纖溶系統)that lyses clots in the pulmonary vessels.They release a variety of substances that enter the systemic arterial blood and they ( ) other substances from the systemic venous blood that reach them via the pulmonary artery.( )
A.occurs
B.happened
C.starting
D.sets

正確答案：A
3). Childhood Obesity■Childhood obesity can create a lifetime of increased healthcare costs for the child.The health issue of childhood obesity is complicated by parental denial，nutrition and activity in rural environments and the lack of health care professional training.■( )Out of the 83 parents，19 had overweight children.The 19 parents did not report any concern about their child′s weight as a health risk，in fact most underestimated it.With about 15% of children between the age of 6 to 11 years old being above the 95% of BMI，obesity is now the“most prevalent nutritional disease”of children in the U.S.■Parental influences affect diet preferences and physical activity within the family.Parents must be involved if obesity prevention programs are going to work.For success in these programs，parents must recognize their child′s excess weight and the health risks that are involved.( )Etelson′s research showed that parents had a basic knowledge of what healthy eating entails and often feel that their child′s weight is temporary.To help parents，pediatricians can use the growth chart to show where their child is on the chart as well as comparing to previous years.■The rural versus urban obesity subject is sore as seen in the comments of the previous articles.However，the same facts hold true for children.Children living in rural areas are about 25% more likely to be overweight or obese than their peers in metropolitan areas.( )Children in rural areas are also at an increased chance of being poor with lower access to health care，lower levels of activity，limited transportation and poorer quality of food.■We think of wide open places and spaces in rural living，but there is not a lot of open public spaces available.Sidewalks，walking to school，and out of school programs can be difficult to implement in rural schools compared to urban schools because of the distance from home，reducing the appeal.Cost of fuel affects the availability of fresh，healthy food.Long distances and fewer grocery stores also add to the difficulty of shopping.( )
A.The face of country living has changed since the 19th century，and it′s not always the ideal fresh food and healthy living it once was
B.The patients，age 2 to 18 were observed in their homes and it was found that children were at more of a risk for SDB if they were obese
C.According to Debra Etelson，most parents of obese children do not recognize that their child has a weight problem
D.Actully，treating and keeping children healthy is a team effort between family and pediatricians
E.Some of the health problems obese children may face are： sleep apnea，asthma，cardiovascular disease and diabetes Type 1
F.However，there are several barriers to treating childhood obesity such as parent involvement，support services，and not enough patient motivation

正確答案：F

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